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Modulational instability in the Whitham equation with surface tension and vorticity. (English) Zbl 1330.35329

Summary: We study modulational stability and instability in the Whitham equation, combining the dispersion relation of water waves and a nonlinearity of the shallow water equations, and modified to permit the effects of surface tension and constant vorticity. When the surface tension coefficient is large, we show that a periodic traveling wave of sufficiently small amplitude is unstable to long wavelength perturbations if the wave number is greater than a critical value, and stable otherwise, similarly to the Benjamin-Feir instability of gravity waves. In the case of weak surface tension, we find intervals of stable and unstable wave numbers, whose boundaries are associated with the extremum of the group velocity, the resonance between the first and second harmonics, the resonance between long and short waves, and a resonance between dispersion and the nonlinearity. For each constant vorticity, we show that a periodic traveling wave of sufficiently small amplitude is unstable if the wave number is greater than a critical value, and stable otherwise. Moreover it can be made stable for a sufficiently large vorticity. The results agree with those based upon numerical computations or formal multiple-scale expansions to the physical problem.

MSC:

35Q35 PDEs in connection with fluid mechanics
35C07 Traveling wave solutions
35Q53 KdV equations (Korteweg-de Vries equations)
35B35 Stability in context of PDEs
76B15 Water waves, gravity waves; dispersion and scattering, nonlinear interaction
76B45 Capillarity (surface tension) for incompressible inviscid fluids
76E20 Stability and instability of geophysical and astrophysical flows
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